The most popular (and best selling book) thus far in Jerold Last's South American mystery series featuring Roger Bowman and Suzanne Foster, a husband-wife detective team, has been The Surreal Killer. This suspenseful E-novel available on Amazon Kindle has been awarded the prestigious Indie Book of the Day prize. The Surreal Killer takes place in Peru and Chile, with a key chapter set in Macchu Pichu. Jerold thought you might be interested in knowing a little bit more about this very, very special place.
Machu Picchu, the sacred city of the Incas high in the Peruvian Andes, is used as the setting for a chapter in The Surreal Killer. It is a very special place I thought some of you might be interested in learning more about.
Hiram Bingham III was appointed as a lecturer in South American History at Yale University in 1907. He traveled through South America, including Peru, in 1908 and returned with Yale-sponsored expeditions to Peru in 1911, 1912, and 1915. Since The Panama Canal wasn't open until 1914, Bingham's first three visits to Peru involved difficult trips either overland or around Cape Horn and were far from being as simple as it is nowadays.
A local native of Peru, Melchor Arteaga, led the first Bingham expedition in 1911 to Machu Picchu, which had been largely ignored by the non-indigenous people of Peru at that time. With the casual racism and arrogance characteristic of the times, Bingham claimed to have discovered Machu Picchu (that it hadn't been lost to the locals and that other European explorers had been there before him apparently didn't count) and proceeded to loot the ruins, bringing back something like 40,000 different artifacts to Yale. These mummies, ceramics, bones, and other artifacts were supposed to be returned to Peru by Yale a few years ago after prolonged litigation. The switchback-filled road for tourist buses that runs from the Urubamba River to Machu Picchu is now called the Hiram Bingham Highway. Bingham himself has been suggested to be the basis for the Indiana Jones character in Steven Spielberg's blockbuster movies.
The decision to colonize the Andean Altiplano by indigenous tribes tens of thousands of years ago was a choice of a difficult life style due to the harsh conditions of weather and altitude versus constant exposure to the vector-borne diseases of the lowland jungles and swamps like malaria and dengue fever, poisonous snakes and insects, other human predators like crocodiles, piranha, and jungle cats, etc. Initially the highlanders followed the camelids (llamas, alpacas, etc.) and mountain goats and were hunter-gatherers. They learned the tricks of survival in this harsh terrain and later became farmers as well. The Incas conquered most of the other indigenous tribes in the 15th and 16th centuries to create the Incan Empire, which lasted for less than 100 years until the Spanish conquest in the 16th Century. The Incas brought not only spears and arrows, but sophisticated irrigated agriculture and huge granaries with them as an inducement to join their culture and religion.
Machu Picchu (which can be seen as the cover picture on my novel The Surreal Killer) is amazing. It is not just the engineering scope and scale, the artistry of the architecture and the remote and inaccessible location. It's the serenity and spirituality of the place. That's why Machu Picchu is at the top of most lists for international visits by New Age enthusiasts and affluent hippies. Almost five hundred years after the conquest of the Incas, a visitor can still feel this religiosity emotionally and consciously, even though it is a different religion than that of 99.9% of the tourists who visit there. Just standing on the mountaintop, silently looking at the ruins of the Temple of the Sun or the Temple of Three Windows, makes it impossible not to be embraced by the spirituality of Machu Picchu. Chile's greatest poet and writer Pablo Neruda said it all in his work, "The Heights of Machu Picchu". "Machu Picchu is a trip to the serenity of the soul, to the eternal fusion with the cosmos, where we feel our fragility." Perhaps the strongest statement made by tourists is the long silences as they look at the ancient Incan ruins and think their private thoughts.
The Incas had a highly developed and sophisticated religion, which had several sacred places---Machu Picchu and Lake Titicaca are perhaps the most familiar sites to tourists nowadays. The early Incas also had to adjust to their life high in the Andes, an area of steep cliffs, huge boulders, and mountainous terrain. They made unique stone formations into special objects for worship by imbuing them with spiritual properties. These rocks were thought to possess their own spiritual forces so they were truly "gifts from the gods".
The puma and other sacred animals like the condor or eagle are a recurring theme in all of the religious places found in this area. The most sacred structures feature the puma image. The puma represents the Incan god responsible for our world and was worshiped by all of the Incas. A carved rock in the Machu Picchu ruins called Q’enko has a puma carving and zigzag channels carved into the top to allow the flow of llama blood after sacrifice of the animals during religious rituals. The puma also appears in Cuzco, where the historic city is supposed to be laid out in the shape of the puma, with the fortress of Sacsayhuaman as its head.
The condor represents the gods of the upper world, which included the sun, moon, stars, lightning, and rainbows. The third kind of animal the Incas deified was the snake, which represented the lower world, or inner earth. That was where the ancestors of the Incas, their great dead heroes, and the most important of their gods Pachamama, Mother of the Earth, lived.
There are ceremonial showers at Machu Picchu (e.g., Tambomachay) where the nobility bathed in preparation for rituals. Apparently the nobles and the priests both participated in the important ceremonies, some of which included sacrifices of animals or humans. Human sacrifice was rare. It happened only during the most special occasions, like the crowning of a new King of the Incas or to try to get the gods to intervene in famines or epidemics of disease. Animal sacrifice, especially of llama, was more common. The most common sacrifice was a small amount of food crops at the time of harvest to ensure a good yield for the next crop. Archeologists tell us that some of these religious practices continued at Machu Picchu long after the time of the Spanish conquest, so Incan spiritualism outlived secular Incan government, probably until the era of modern Peru, if not longer.
Incan construction techniques such as those used at Machu Picchu are fascinating. They used huge rocks, some dragged many miles up and down mountains at altitudes as high as 12,000 feet, using only human labor to move, grind, and polish boulders weighing tens of tons. The Incas did not have cement, so the rocks were shaped to fit together like pieces of a jigsaw puzzle and held in place by gravity. They hadn't invented the wheel, so primitive rollers made from logs and fiber ropes were used to transport the rocks. The Peruvian altiplano is a major earthquake zone, but many of the walls have survived more or less intact for over 600 years.
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A Visit to Macchu Pichu
Machu Picchu, the sacred city of the Incas high in the Peruvian Andes, is used as the setting for a chapter in The Surreal Killer. It is a very special place I thought some of you might be interested in learning more about.
Conventional USA and European history of Machu Picchu
Hiram Bingham III was appointed as a lecturer in South American History at Yale University in 1907. He traveled through South America, including Peru, in 1908 and returned with Yale-sponsored expeditions to Peru in 1911, 1912, and 1915. Since The Panama Canal wasn't open until 1914, Bingham's first three visits to Peru involved difficult trips either overland or around Cape Horn and were far from being as simple as it is nowadays.
A local native of Peru, Melchor Arteaga, led the first Bingham expedition in 1911 to Machu Picchu, which had been largely ignored by the non-indigenous people of Peru at that time. With the casual racism and arrogance characteristic of the times, Bingham claimed to have discovered Machu Picchu (that it hadn't been lost to the locals and that other European explorers had been there before him apparently didn't count) and proceeded to loot the ruins, bringing back something like 40,000 different artifacts to Yale. These mummies, ceramics, bones, and other artifacts were supposed to be returned to Peru by Yale a few years ago after prolonged litigation. The switchback-filled road for tourist buses that runs from the Urubamba River to Machu Picchu is now called the Hiram Bingham Highway. Bingham himself has been suggested to be the basis for the Indiana Jones character in Steven Spielberg's blockbuster movies.
History of Machu Picchu
The decision to colonize the Andean Altiplano by indigenous tribes tens of thousands of years ago was a choice of a difficult life style due to the harsh conditions of weather and altitude versus constant exposure to the vector-borne diseases of the lowland jungles and swamps like malaria and dengue fever, poisonous snakes and insects, other human predators like crocodiles, piranha, and jungle cats, etc. Initially the highlanders followed the camelids (llamas, alpacas, etc.) and mountain goats and were hunter-gatherers. They learned the tricks of survival in this harsh terrain and later became farmers as well. The Incas conquered most of the other indigenous tribes in the 15th and 16th centuries to create the Incan Empire, which lasted for less than 100 years until the Spanish conquest in the 16th Century. The Incas brought not only spears and arrows, but sophisticated irrigated agriculture and huge granaries with them as an inducement to join their culture and religion.
The sacred site
Machu Picchu (which can be seen as the cover picture on my novel The Surreal Killer) is amazing. It is not just the engineering scope and scale, the artistry of the architecture and the remote and inaccessible location. It's the serenity and spirituality of the place. That's why Machu Picchu is at the top of most lists for international visits by New Age enthusiasts and affluent hippies. Almost five hundred years after the conquest of the Incas, a visitor can still feel this religiosity emotionally and consciously, even though it is a different religion than that of 99.9% of the tourists who visit there. Just standing on the mountaintop, silently looking at the ruins of the Temple of the Sun or the Temple of Three Windows, makes it impossible not to be embraced by the spirituality of Machu Picchu. Chile's greatest poet and writer Pablo Neruda said it all in his work, "The Heights of Machu Picchu". "Machu Picchu is a trip to the serenity of the soul, to the eternal fusion with the cosmos, where we feel our fragility." Perhaps the strongest statement made by tourists is the long silences as they look at the ancient Incan ruins and think their private thoughts. Incan religion
The Incas had a highly developed and sophisticated religion, which had several sacred places---Machu Picchu and Lake Titicaca are perhaps the most familiar sites to tourists nowadays. The early Incas also had to adjust to their life high in the Andes, an area of steep cliffs, huge boulders, and mountainous terrain. They made unique stone formations into special objects for worship by imbuing them with spiritual properties. These rocks were thought to possess their own spiritual forces so they were truly "gifts from the gods".
The puma and other sacred animals like the condor or eagle are a recurring theme in all of the religious places found in this area. The most sacred structures feature the puma image. The puma represents the Incan god responsible for our world and was worshiped by all of the Incas. A carved rock in the Machu Picchu ruins called Q’enko has a puma carving and zigzag channels carved into the top to allow the flow of llama blood after sacrifice of the animals during religious rituals. The puma also appears in Cuzco, where the historic city is supposed to be laid out in the shape of the puma, with the fortress of Sacsayhuaman as its head.
The condor represents the gods of the upper world, which included the sun, moon, stars, lightning, and rainbows. The third kind of animal the Incas deified was the snake, which represented the lower world, or inner earth. That was where the ancestors of the Incas, their great dead heroes, and the most important of their gods Pachamama, Mother of the Earth, lived.
There are ceremonial showers at Machu Picchu (e.g., Tambomachay) where the nobility bathed in preparation for rituals. Apparently the nobles and the priests both participated in the important ceremonies, some of which included sacrifices of animals or humans. Human sacrifice was rare. It happened only during the most special occasions, like the crowning of a new King of the Incas or to try to get the gods to intervene in famines or epidemics of disease. Animal sacrifice, especially of llama, was more common. The most common sacrifice was a small amount of food crops at the time of harvest to ensure a good yield for the next crop. Archeologists tell us that some of these religious practices continued at Machu Picchu long after the time of the Spanish conquest, so Incan spiritualism outlived secular Incan government, probably until the era of modern Peru, if not longer.
Building Machu Picchu
Incan construction techniques such as those used at Machu Picchu are fascinating. They used huge rocks, some dragged many miles up and down mountains at altitudes as high as 12,000 feet, using only human labor to move, grind, and polish boulders weighing tens of tons. The Incas did not have cement, so the rocks were shaped to fit together like pieces of a jigsaw puzzle and held in place by gravity. They hadn't invented the wheel, so primitive rollers made from logs and fiber ropes were used to transport the rocks. The Peruvian altiplano is a major earthquake zone, but many of the walls have survived more or less intact for over 600 years.
Meet Jerold Last
The author is a Professor of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine at the University of California's Medical School at Davis, near Sacramento in Northern California. He has a Ph.D. degree in Biochemistry and does research in asthma and on health effects of air pollution on the lungs, as well as teaching and lots and lots of administrative chores. Jerry’s a big fan of mystery novels. His popular Roger and Suzanne mystery series currently consists of four novels, two novellas, and an anthology of short stories. The fifth novel, set in the Galapagos Islands, should appear on Amazon Kindle early in 2014. The settings and locales for the novels on Amazon KDP, The Ambivalent Corpse, The Surreal Killer, and The Matador Murders and the novella The Body in the Bed are authentic; the author lived previously in Salta, Argentina and Montevideo, Uruguay for several months each, and selected the most interesting South American locations he found for Roger and Suzanne to visit while solving the miscellaneous murders. He continues productive research collaborations with faculty members in Salta and Montevideo. Jerry and his wife Elaine live in Northern California, where Elaine breeds prize-winning German Shorthaired Pointer dogs and provides technical advice for Jerry’s novels like The Deadly Dog Show and editing for all of the books. Elaine and Jerry also enjoy having three granddaughters (one brand new) and a grandson. A blog describing the background and birth of Jerry's books; Jerry, Elaine, and the dogs' lives; and all things mysterious can be found at http://rogerandsuzannemysteries.blogspot.com. Please feel free to visit it and take a look.
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A Visit to Macchu Pichu - Guest Post from Author Jerold Last
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